Journal Archive

Now this time, due to using oil fuel caused environmental pollution. Nuclear energy has good electric power productivity, but nuclear energy has a risk that lect out radioactivity and deals with nuclear waste. According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), countries study how to reduce greenhouse gases.¹⁾ So the world increases interest and study about eco-friendly energy. Wind energy of the eco-friendly energy relatively has good economics.

The wind turbine is a machine for converting the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy, then later on this mechanical energy is converted to electricity. Wind turbines are mounted on the top of the tower to capture most of the wind energy. The working of the wind turbine, blades of the turbine act like wings of an airplane capturing the energy in the wind. The blades cut through the air with an angle of attack to the wind causing a pressure differential.^2~3) The resulting pressure differentials cause a force called lift which propels the blade forward. This lift is created because of the airfoil shape of the turbine's blades. In order to propel the turbine, the net torque caused by lift forces must be greater than the net torque caused by drag forces.⁴⁾ The blades turn a generator that converts blade rotation into electricity the tail help keeps the blades facing the wind. The schematics of a wind turbine and there working are shown in Fig.1. In the chemical process industry, efficient gas-liquid contacting is essential in processes such as hydrogenation, chlorination, etc. Gas-liquid interfacial mass transfer often controls the overall production rate of the gas-liquid reactors. High-intensity gas-liquid mixers, like static mixers, rotor-stator and ejector are increasingly used as a primary gas dispersion device in a gas-liquid reactor. These high intensity mixers can improve the mass transfer rates by generating small bubbles, which are then injected into a reaction vessel, thereby improving the mass transfer characteristics of the entire system.

Fig. 1 
Schematic diagram of Wind Turbine

A wind turbine is composed of a rotor, nacelle, and tower. Nacelle is an important part of wind turbine that produces electric power, so nacelle must be kept in safe from bad weather conditions.

For this reason, in order to design the shape of nacelle cover which is less influenced by wind, we are using CFD analysis for the designing and simulation of nacelle cover. The modification consists of changing the external shape of nacelle cover and the streamlined shape of nacelle cover.^5-7)

Previously many researcher work on flow field characteristics of wind tunnel, Jang Kweon Kim studied about the numerical analysis of internal flow field characteristic of wind tunnel using Morel’s curve equation.⁸⁾ Later in next year they extended there study and investigate the flow field characteristics of these tunnel according to the change of contract length.⁹⁾ But these cover are rectangular in shape and are made of galvanized steel plates. The weight of wind generator components is classified as heavy, which leaves room for improvement in lightness. The material considered to be replaced as composite materials, which can be used to reduce the costs by replacing with a relatively cheaper composite material than the traditional galvanized steel plate.¹⁰⁾ And using composite materials to lighten the weight, reducing shipping and installation costs to the installation site of wind turbines after production. In addition to the, additional effects of lightning may be possible to change the structure and material of the tower, which may expected to lead the additional cost savings.

For the analysis of nacelle covers, 3D modeling was first performed and the design was reverse-engineered to produce 2D drawings. In order to compare the results derived from the simulation analysis of the existing and newly developed nacelle covers in the simulation analysis, 3D modeling was performed for the existing nacelle covers and the two anticipated nacelle covers.

When a nacelle cover, no bolts and hinges connecting the nacelle cover to the upper cover expected to directly affect the interpretation.

Existing 3D modeling of nacelle covers used in 250 kW wind farms owned by participating companies was modelling. Shell modeling was performed using the surface function of the structured program to measure each part, and 3D modeling was performed for each of the five parts as appeared in Figure 2.

Fig. 2 
Existing nacelle cover 3D modeling

Figure 3 demonstrates an assembly of each of the six 3D modelled parts, referring to the measured dimensions. Although the bolts are actually assembled for fixing each part, the bolts are omitted in the simulation analysis so that a quick and accurate interpretation can be made through a simplified analytical model.

Fig. 3 
Assembly of the nacelle covers existing

As the Nacelle cover of a 250 kW class wind generator have some limitations on changing the shape, it will be made to existing model accordingly. As the material is changed from galvanized steel plates to composite materials, a new shape will be enforced with emphasis on material stiffness issues. One of the ways to increase rigidity in reality without increasing thickness of current nacelle covers is to formulate aboard. For example, features such as corrugated or slate roofs were considered to be more resistant to external forces. The analysis program was used to determine the number of beads on the upper and lower sides, by providing curved folds and smooth fillets on each part, such as side and upper covers, to reduce the impact of wind flow.

Analysis of Nacelle Cover was carried out by analyzing current Nacelle Cover and wired Nacelle Cover. The loads were then analyzed using two types of loads, one is wind and the other one is snow load, referring to the G.L Guide. The material properties were galvanized steel plates and FRP materials, and composite specimens were manufactured directly and analyzed using the results of tensile testing. Existing nacelle cover structural analysis was performed using galvanized steel plates and FRP material properties. By using this analysis, the resultant weight of the existing nacelle cover was compared.

5.1 Finite modeling of existing nacelle cover

For this structural analysis, the existing 3D modeling of the nacelle cover was modified. Using the design program, the connections between the nacelle and the nacelle face entering the interior of the nacelle cover are modelled as shown in Figure 11. It shows that, the constraints for the simulation analysis and it was judged that the load would actually be tightened and supported in the same place as the brackets on the internal skeleton, thus applying these boundary conditions. It is assumed that there is a virtual holding bar in the area where the boundary condition is imposed.

Fig. 11 
Splitting the mesh

Existing nacelle covers are not complex and have Hexa Mesh applied for fast Mesh setting. The number of split points and elements is 21,823 and 22,604, respectively.

Table 6 
Wind load on existing nacelle covers

	5	10	15	20	25
Front	31.3	125	281.3	500.1	781.4
Back	31.3	125	281.3	500.1	781.4
Top and bottom	80.2	320.9	722.1	1283.8	2005.9
Side	51.6	247.9	464.8	826.4	1291.2
Side (wind)	82.6	330.6	743.7	1322.2	2066

5.2 Analysis of existing nacelle cover with zinc plated steel plates

The applied load on the nacelle cover are shown in Equation (1) using the wind load equation shown in the G.L Guide, and the area and wind velocity of each side of the existing nacelle cover. The same force is applied to an analysis using FR physical properties.

Simulation analysis were performed under the above wind load conditions, and the corresponding stress, strain values and strain rates are shown in Table 7, with the distribution according to the resulting values shown in Figures 12 and 13.

Table 7 
Analysis results of nacelle covers using galvanized steel sheets

	5	10	15	20	25
Stress (MPa)	3.2579	3.2207	4.9915	7.4872	10.696
Deformation (mm)	0.19499	0.22861	0.35549	0.53324	0.76176
Elastic strain	1.55E⁻⁵	1.57E⁻⁵	2.43E⁻⁵	3.65E⁻⁵	5.21E⁻⁵

Fig. 12 
Stress results from galvanized steel plate

Fig. 13 
Strain results from galvanized steel plates

When analysed using the galvanized steel plate material properties, each resulting value was seen to increase with increasing wind velocity, and the maximum value of each result was seen to act on the right-hand front.

5.3 Analysis of FRP physical properties and snow removal under existing nacelle cover

Unlike the wind load, structural analysis applied with snow cover applied load only to the upper cover of the existing nacelle cover. This snow load was applied in the G.L Guide by using Equation (2) for Snow Removal and the upper projection area of the existing nacelle cover.

Psk=3.0⋅kN/m2

The existing Nacelle cover is 2.05 m long and 4.26 m long, the area is 8.733m2 and the snow load is 26.2 kN, when the area is divided by 3.0 kN. The structural analysis applied with this snow load is the same as the structural analysis performed previously except for the load.

The results of the structural analysis applied with snow load are shown in Table 8, and the distribution of the results is shown in Figures 14.

Table 8 
Results of structural analysis of existing nacelle covers with FRP material properties and snow load

	STRESS (MPa)	STRAIN	DEFORMATION (mm)
Result Value	126.2	0.00076618	1.1091

Fig. 14 
Strain value of structural analysis applied with snow load

In the structural analysis applied with snow cover, the strain value is concentrated at the center of the upper cover of the nacelle and is shown up to 1.1091mm. The remaining stress and strain values are shown in the upper cover of the nacelle.

As a result of the tensile test, a wired nacelle cover analysis with bead shapes was conducted. The physical properties are the same as in the 3rd simulation analysis, and the load was calculated 5 m/s from 5 m to 25 m/s using the wind load expression in the G.L Guide, and the wind load is shown in Table 6. We added weights like wind loads. The magnification used the Standard Earth Gravity function of the analysis program.

Inside the nacelle cover, parts that are connected to the nacelle on both sides and front and rear are added as shell modeling, which is secured using the Fixed function. The bead-shaped, wired nacelle cover provides a tetra mesh, and the Auto mesh results in an error between the nacelle cover and the inner support. Using the contact function between the nacelle cover and the inner support, Mesh is connected. Mesh has 234,682 points and 446,022 elements.

The simulation analysis results show that the strain, 10 m/s, and the stress and strain are reduced to 15 m/s, depending on where the maximum value of each result appears. Figures 56 through 58 show a decrease in the presence of maximum values in the front or back.

Fig. 22 
Strain – Maximum location according to wind amount

To observe the overall shape of the product, a 3D printer was used to create a prototype type. 3D printing technology now has many advantages, including the ability to identify problems with real-life products by producing identical prototypes with cheap, easy-to-mold materials.

In this research, the above technology was introduced and applied to detect possible problems such as assembly by printing out the entire shape prior prototype production. Existing 3D modeling files were converted to STL-files and applied to 3D printer-specific software. Within the software, only nacelle shapes developed after geometry review were printed.

The 3D printers used are shown in Figure 24 from 3D SYSTEM. When printing the nacelle cand are output using CUBEX TRIO X modelsover, it is output by a plastic jet printing method, which is one of the rapid prototyping methods, and is manufactured using two materials: ABS and PLA plastic.

Fig. 24 
3D printer devices used in nacelle shape

Figure 25 below shows the nacelle features printed using the above 3D printer. Due to limitations of the 3D printer function, it was not possible to separate and assemble the parts of the nacelle cover divided into 6 parts (or pieces) and manufactured them entirely with one part, nacelle cover. By printing the nacelle printed features, we were able to increase our understanding of the overall contours and features, and we were able to confirm that the 3D-modeled CAD files based on the nacelle 2D drawings were also correctly designed.

Fig. 25 
3D printer nacelle shape

Prior to production of Nacelle Covers, the dimensions of the nacelle cover were reviewed by using a 3D printer, and if the prototype is manufactured considering tolerances from the components of the connection such as hinges, it is deemed possible to produce a nacelle cover with accurate dimensional accuracy.

The objectives of this project are to develop a nacelle cover for wired composite materials, FEM simulation analysis, composite nacelle production, and product evaluation. The FEM simulation includes the design and modeling process, and 2D drawings and 3D modeling were derived through the paradox of the wired nacelle cover with reference to the existing nacelle geometry. Wired nacelle covers have the addition of wrinkled beads to enhance the stiffness of the nacelle cover, and a structural analysis according to the number of folds was performed to determine the appropriate shape and number of wrinkles. The final form of the wired nacelle cover was derived through the above structural analysis, wind load analysis, and snow load analysis was performed to compare the performance of the nacelle cover developed with the existing nacelle. In the manufacture of composite nacelle cover, the validity of the composite material's process was reviewed through specimen manufacture, and the tensile strength and surface illumination values of the composite material were checked through the certification test institution after specimen. The manufacture of a composite nacelle cover was performed after confirming that the tensile strength and surface illumination of the composite material was achieved through a specimen test.

The nacelle cover features used dimensions of features considered to be valid during the design and modeling process and simulation process, and the fabrication process produced a wired composite nacelle referring to the production process of composite materials validated through specimen testing. The developed nacelle cover consists of six parts, not a single unit, and the dimensional accuracy of each part is required to be checked during the assembly process. It was installed directly on the 250 kw wind generator Nacelle to be installed. In the product evaluation process, the measurement of three items, including lightning, surface illumination, and tensile strength, was reviewed and the product target value was met. The above process was used to manufacture nacelle covers for wired composite materials. Based on this development technology, it is deemed that it is applicable to new nacelle cover features and other fields, and by conducting additional research on composite materials manufacturing technology, it is possible to develop high-quality composite materials suitable for use.